While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward, the definition of the world's tallest building or the world's tallest tower is less clear. The disputes generally center on what should be counted as a building or a tower, and what is being measured.
In terms of absolute height, the tallest structures are currently the dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:
whether structures under construction should be included in the list
whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.
For towers, there is debate over:
whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted
For buildings, there is debate over:
whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.
whether only habitable height is considered.
whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.
Contents[hide]
1 Tallest structures
1.1 Tallest structure by category
1.2 Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures
1.3 Tallest building by function
2 Tallest buildings
2.1 History of record holders in each CTBUH category
3 World's tallest freestanding structure on land
3.1 History
3.2 World's highest observation deck
3.3 Timeline of guyed structures on land
4 Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings
5 Future record-breaking structures
5.1 Under construction
5.2 Proposed
6 Never-built record-breaking structures
7 References
8 External links
//
[edit] Tallest structures
Main article: List of tallest structures in the world
KVLY-TV mast, the height record holder from 1963–1974 and 1991–2008.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario was the world's tallest freestanding structure on land from 1975 until the Burj Dubai surpassed it in 2007, rising 553.33 m (1,815 ft). It is currently the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land.
The tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai, a skyscraper under construction in Dubai that reached 636 m (2,087 ft) in height on May 12, 2008[1]. By 7 April 2008 it had been built higher than the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, USA, which is the tallest complete structure at 628.8 m (2,063 ft).[2]. Guyed lattice towers such as this mast had held the world height record since 1954. The Warsaw radio mast in Poland, raised to 646.38 m (2,121 ft) in 1974 and destroyed in 1991, remains the tallest structure ever built.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, standing at 553.3 m (1,815 ft), is the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land. Opened in 1976, it was surpassed in height by the rising Burj Dubai on September 12, 2007[3]. It has the world's highest public observation deck at 446.5 m (1,465 ft).
The Petronius Platform stands 610 m (2,001 ft) off the sea floor leading some, including Guinness World Records 2007, to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, it is debated if below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground 'height' is not taken into account in buildings. The Troll A platform is 472 m (1,549 ft), without any part of that height being supported by wires.
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in three of the four main categories that are commonly measured: at 509.2 m (1,671 ft) as measured to its architectural height (spire) as well as roof height 449.2 m (1,474 ft) and highest occupied floor 439.2 m (1,441 ft). The Sears Tower is highest in the last category: the greatest height to top of antenna of any building in the world at 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
On its completion, projected for 2009, the Burj Dubai will break the height record in all four categories for completed buildings by a wide margin. While the final height has not been released to the public, Greg Sang, the construction manager, says that the building will rise to a minimum of 700 m (2,297 ft).[4] The developer, Emaar, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed structures, including the nearby Al Burj.[5] The CN Tower will retain its record of the world's highest observation deck as Burj Dubai's deck will be at 442 m (1,450 ft).[6] The 'Symbol of Dubai' will have more than 160 floors, 56 elevators, apartments, shops, swimming pools, spas and corporate suites.
[edit] Tallest structure by category
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007)
Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern-day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.
Category
Structure
Country
City
Height (m)
Height (ft)
Skyscraper (under construction) - all categories
Burj Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
636
2,087[1]
Guyed Mast
KVLY-TV mast
United States
Blanchard, N.D.
628.8
2,063
Concrete Tower
CN Tower
Canada
Toronto, Ontario
553.3
1,815
Skyscraper - to top of antenna
Sears Tower
United States
Chicago
527.3
1,730
Skyscraper - to top of spire
Taipei 101
Taiwan
Taipei
509.2
1,671
Skyscraper - to top of roof
Shanghai World Financial Center
China
Shanghai
492
1,614
Tower for scientific research
BREN-Tower
United States
Nevada Test Site
462
1,516
Mast radiator, insulated against ground
VLF transmitter Lualualei
United States
Lualualei, Hawaii
458.11
1,503
Twin Towers
Petronas Twin Towers
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
452
1,482
Chimney
GRES-2 Power Station
Kazakhstan
Ekibastusz
419.7
1,377
Lattice tower
Kiev TV Tower
Ukraine
Kiev
385
1,263
Guyed tubular steel mast
Belmont transmitting station
United Kingdom
Donington on Bain
385
1,263
Partially guyed tower
Gerbrandy Tower
Netherlands
IJsselstein
366.8
1,203
Electricity pylon
Yangtze River Crossing, Jiangyin
China
Jiangyin
346.5
1,137
Bridge pillar
Millau Viaduct
France
Millau
342
1,122
Iron Tower
Tokyo Tower
Japan
Tokyo
333
1,092
Five-sided building
JPMorgan Chase Tower
United States
Houston
305
1,002
Dam
Nurek Dam
Tajikistan
Nurek
300
984[7]
Concrete dam
Grande Dixence Dam
Switzerland
Val d'Hérens
285
935[8]
Electricity pylon built of concrete
Yangtze River Crossing, Nanjing
China
Nanjing
257
843
Electricity pylon of HVDC-powerline
Yangtze River Crossing, Wuhu
China
Wuhu
229
751
Minaret
Hassan II Mosque
Morocco
Casablanca
210
689
Wind turbine
Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow
Germany
Laasow, Brandenburg
205
673
Cooling Tower
Niederaussem Power Station
Germany
Niederaussem
200
656
Monument
Gateway Arch
United States
St. Louis, Missouri
192
630
90° twisted building
Turning Torso
Sweden
Malmö
190
623
Masonry tower
Anaconda Smelter Stack
United States
Anaconda, Montana
178.3
585
Inclined structure,Stadium
Le Stade Olympique
Canada
Montreal, Quebec
175
574
Obelisk
San Jacinto Monument
United States
Houston
173.7
570
Church Building
Chicago Temple Building
United States
Chicago
173
568
Masonry building
Mole Antonelliana
Italy
Torino
167
548
Masonry building
Philadelphia City Hall
United States
Philadelphia
167
548
Ferris wheel
Singapore Flyer
Singapore
Singapore
165
541.3
Church tower
Ulm Minster
Germany
Ulm
162
530
Industrial hall
Vehicle Assembly Building
United States
Kennedy Space Center
160
525
Memorial cross
Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos
Spain
El Escorial
152.4
500
Roller coaster
Kingda Ka
United States
Jackson, New Jersey
138.98
456
Tomb
Great Pyramid of Giza
Egypt
Giza, Cairo
138.8
455.2
Dome
St Peter's Basilica dome
Italy
Vatican City, Rome
136.57
448.06
Air traffic control tower
Suvarnabhumi Airport control tower
Thailand
Bangkok
132.2
433.7
Flagpole, free-standing
Aqaba Flagpole
Jordan
Aqaba
132
430
Equilateral Pentagon
Baltimore World Trade Center
United States
Baltimore
123.5
405
Statue (including pedestal)
Ushiku Daibutsu Bronze Buddha Statue
Japan
Ushiku
120
394
Storage silo
Henninger Turm
Germany
Frankfurt
120
394
Sculpture
Spire of Dublin
Ireland
Dublin
120
393
Light advertisement
Bayer Cross Leverkusen
Germany
Leverkusen
118
387
Wooden structure
Gliwice Radio Tower
Poland
Gliwice
118
387
Aerial tramway support tower
Pillar of third section of Gletscherbahn Kaprun
Austria
Kaprun
113.6
373
Electricity pylon of powerline for single phase AC
Bremen-Industriehafen Weser Powerline Crossing
Germany
Bremen
111
364
Lighthouse
Yokohama Marine Tower
Japan
Yokohama
106
324
Clock Tower
Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower
United Kingdom
Birmingham
100
328
Sphere
Stockholm Globe Arena
Sweden
Stockholm
85
279
Pre-modern Chinese pagoda
Liaodi Pagoda
China
Ding County, Hebei
84
275
Lantern Tower
Boston Stump
United Kingdom
Boston, Lincolnshire
83.05
272
Statue (not including pedestal)
Mamayev Kurgan
Russia
Volgograd
82
269
Brick lighthouse
Torre della Lanterna
Italy
Genoa
77
253
Brick minaret
Qutub Minar
India
Delhi
72.5
237.8
Electricity Pylon (concrete, prefabricated)
Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen
Switzerland
Littau
59.5
195
Monolithic obelisk
Tuthmosis II Obelisk
Italy
San Giovanni in Laterano
36
118.1
In terms of absolute height, the tallest structures are currently the dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:
whether structures under construction should be included in the list
whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.
For towers, there is debate over:
whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted
For buildings, there is debate over:
whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.
whether only habitable height is considered.
whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.
Contents[hide]
1 Tallest structures
1.1 Tallest structure by category
1.2 Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures
1.3 Tallest building by function
2 Tallest buildings
2.1 History of record holders in each CTBUH category
3 World's tallest freestanding structure on land
3.1 History
3.2 World's highest observation deck
3.3 Timeline of guyed structures on land
4 Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings
5 Future record-breaking structures
5.1 Under construction
5.2 Proposed
6 Never-built record-breaking structures
7 References
8 External links
//
[edit] Tallest structures
Main article: List of tallest structures in the world
KVLY-TV mast, the height record holder from 1963–1974 and 1991–2008.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario was the world's tallest freestanding structure on land from 1975 until the Burj Dubai surpassed it in 2007, rising 553.33 m (1,815 ft). It is currently the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land.
The tallest man-made structure is the Burj Dubai, a skyscraper under construction in Dubai that reached 636 m (2,087 ft) in height on May 12, 2008[1]. By 7 April 2008 it had been built higher than the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, USA, which is the tallest complete structure at 628.8 m (2,063 ft).[2]. Guyed lattice towers such as this mast had held the world height record since 1954. The Warsaw radio mast in Poland, raised to 646.38 m (2,121 ft) in 1974 and destroyed in 1991, remains the tallest structure ever built.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, standing at 553.3 m (1,815 ft), is the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land. Opened in 1976, it was surpassed in height by the rising Burj Dubai on September 12, 2007[3]. It has the world's highest public observation deck at 446.5 m (1,465 ft).
The Petronius Platform stands 610 m (2,001 ft) off the sea floor leading some, including Guinness World Records 2007, to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, it is debated if below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground 'height' is not taken into account in buildings. The Troll A platform is 472 m (1,549 ft), without any part of that height being supported by wires.
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in three of the four main categories that are commonly measured: at 509.2 m (1,671 ft) as measured to its architectural height (spire) as well as roof height 449.2 m (1,474 ft) and highest occupied floor 439.2 m (1,441 ft). The Sears Tower is highest in the last category: the greatest height to top of antenna of any building in the world at 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
On its completion, projected for 2009, the Burj Dubai will break the height record in all four categories for completed buildings by a wide margin. While the final height has not been released to the public, Greg Sang, the construction manager, says that the building will rise to a minimum of 700 m (2,297 ft).[4] The developer, Emaar, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed structures, including the nearby Al Burj.[5] The CN Tower will retain its record of the world's highest observation deck as Burj Dubai's deck will be at 442 m (1,450 ft).[6] The 'Symbol of Dubai' will have more than 160 floors, 56 elevators, apartments, shops, swimming pools, spas and corporate suites.
[edit] Tallest structure by category
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007)
Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern-day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.
Category
Structure
Country
City
Height (m)
Height (ft)
Skyscraper (under construction) - all categories
Burj Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
636
2,087[1]
Guyed Mast
KVLY-TV mast
United States
Blanchard, N.D.
628.8
2,063
Concrete Tower
CN Tower
Canada
Toronto, Ontario
553.3
1,815
Skyscraper - to top of antenna
Sears Tower
United States
Chicago
527.3
1,730
Skyscraper - to top of spire
Taipei 101
Taiwan
Taipei
509.2
1,671
Skyscraper - to top of roof
Shanghai World Financial Center
China
Shanghai
492
1,614
Tower for scientific research
BREN-Tower
United States
Nevada Test Site
462
1,516
Mast radiator, insulated against ground
VLF transmitter Lualualei
United States
Lualualei, Hawaii
458.11
1,503
Twin Towers
Petronas Twin Towers
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
452
1,482
Chimney
GRES-2 Power Station
Kazakhstan
Ekibastusz
419.7
1,377
Lattice tower
Kiev TV Tower
Ukraine
Kiev
385
1,263
Guyed tubular steel mast
Belmont transmitting station
United Kingdom
Donington on Bain
385
1,263
Partially guyed tower
Gerbrandy Tower
Netherlands
IJsselstein
366.8
1,203
Electricity pylon
Yangtze River Crossing, Jiangyin
China
Jiangyin
346.5
1,137
Bridge pillar
Millau Viaduct
France
Millau
342
1,122
Iron Tower
Tokyo Tower
Japan
Tokyo
333
1,092
Five-sided building
JPMorgan Chase Tower
United States
Houston
305
1,002
Dam
Nurek Dam
Tajikistan
Nurek
300
984[7]
Concrete dam
Grande Dixence Dam
Switzerland
Val d'Hérens
285
935[8]
Electricity pylon built of concrete
Yangtze River Crossing, Nanjing
China
Nanjing
257
843
Electricity pylon of HVDC-powerline
Yangtze River Crossing, Wuhu
China
Wuhu
229
751
Minaret
Hassan II Mosque
Morocco
Casablanca
210
689
Wind turbine
Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow
Germany
Laasow, Brandenburg
205
673
Cooling Tower
Niederaussem Power Station
Germany
Niederaussem
200
656
Monument
Gateway Arch
United States
St. Louis, Missouri
192
630
90° twisted building
Turning Torso
Sweden
Malmö
190
623
Masonry tower
Anaconda Smelter Stack
United States
Anaconda, Montana
178.3
585
Inclined structure,Stadium
Le Stade Olympique
Canada
Montreal, Quebec
175
574
Obelisk
San Jacinto Monument
United States
Houston
173.7
570
Church Building
Chicago Temple Building
United States
Chicago
173
568
Masonry building
Mole Antonelliana
Italy
Torino
167
548
Masonry building
Philadelphia City Hall
United States
Philadelphia
167
548
Ferris wheel
Singapore Flyer
Singapore
Singapore
165
541.3
Church tower
Ulm Minster
Germany
Ulm
162
530
Industrial hall
Vehicle Assembly Building
United States
Kennedy Space Center
160
525
Memorial cross
Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos
Spain
El Escorial
152.4
500
Roller coaster
Kingda Ka
United States
Jackson, New Jersey
138.98
456
Tomb
Great Pyramid of Giza
Egypt
Giza, Cairo
138.8
455.2
Dome
St Peter's Basilica dome
Italy
Vatican City, Rome
136.57
448.06
Air traffic control tower
Suvarnabhumi Airport control tower
Thailand
Bangkok
132.2
433.7
Flagpole, free-standing
Aqaba Flagpole
Jordan
Aqaba
132
430
Equilateral Pentagon
Baltimore World Trade Center
United States
Baltimore
123.5
405
Statue (including pedestal)
Ushiku Daibutsu Bronze Buddha Statue
Japan
Ushiku
120
394
Storage silo
Henninger Turm
Germany
Frankfurt
120
394
Sculpture
Spire of Dublin
Ireland
Dublin
120
393
Light advertisement
Bayer Cross Leverkusen
Germany
Leverkusen
118
387
Wooden structure
Gliwice Radio Tower
Poland
Gliwice
118
387
Aerial tramway support tower
Pillar of third section of Gletscherbahn Kaprun
Austria
Kaprun
113.6
373
Electricity pylon of powerline for single phase AC
Bremen-Industriehafen Weser Powerline Crossing
Germany
Bremen
111
364
Lighthouse
Yokohama Marine Tower
Japan
Yokohama
106
324
Clock Tower
Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower
United Kingdom
Birmingham
100
328
Sphere
Stockholm Globe Arena
Sweden
Stockholm
85
279
Pre-modern Chinese pagoda
Liaodi Pagoda
China
Ding County, Hebei
84
275
Lantern Tower
Boston Stump
United Kingdom
Boston, Lincolnshire
83.05
272
Statue (not including pedestal)
Mamayev Kurgan
Russia
Volgograd
82
269
Brick lighthouse
Torre della Lanterna
Italy
Genoa
77
253
Brick minaret
Qutub Minar
India
Delhi
72.5
237.8
Electricity Pylon (concrete, prefabricated)
Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen
Switzerland
Littau
59.5
195
Monolithic obelisk
Tuthmosis II Obelisk
Italy
San Giovanni in Laterano
36
118.1
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